The agronomical, morphological and phonological evaluation of bread wheat inbred lines in Iraq

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Cereal Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

3 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

4 Agriculture College, Al-Qasim Green University, Babil, Iraq

10.22034/plant.2025.144168.1170

Abstract

Introduction: Bread wheat is one of the most important agricultural crops in ensuring food security, especially in arid and semi-arid countries such as Iraq.  In Iraq, which is part of the arid and semi-arid region of the world, wheat production faces numerous challenges, including water scarcity, soil salinity, climate fluctuations, and population growth. These factors highlight the necessity of utilizing advanced breeding programs to improve both the grain yield and quality of wheat. Advanced inbred lines are the valuable tools in breeding programs due to genetic consistency and high uniformity. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate genetic diversity and identify superior genotypes among wheat advanced lines that are well-adapted to the climatic conditions of Iraq.
Material and methods: Fourteen elite recombinant inbred lines from the F9 and F10 generations of bread wheat selected among 600 wheat advanced lines, along with their parents, including MV17, Winter Backcross Roshan, Marvdasht, Rasoul, Torabi, and Krichauff, were evaluated during 2022 and 2023 growing seasons in Babylon, Iraq, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each plot consisted of five rows, each 3 m long. These lines were selected from hundreds of lines derived from the crosses “MV17 × Roshan winter backcross”, “Roshan winter backcross × Sistan”, and “Rasoul × Marvdasht” in previous experiments. This experiment was carried out in a normal humidity condition. Days to heading, days to anthesis, days to physiological maturity, kernel filling rate, kernel filling period, plant height, peduncle length, peduncle diameter, flag leaf width, flag leaf length, spike length, spike weight, spike density, grain length, grain width, thousand kernel weight, number of kernel per spike, number of spike, weight of kernels per spike, awn length and grain yield were measured and subjected to statistical analysis after checking the normality of data.
Results: Based on the combined analysis of variance, the effects of year and genotype were also significant for all traits except grain filling duration, while the year×genotype interaction was significant for all traits except grain filling rate, peduncle length, spike density, and thousand-kernel weight. Mean comparison results indicated that Lines 8 and 14 with 6.76 and 5.77 ton/ha, respectively for the first year and 6.99 and 6.11 ton/ha grain yield for the second year were superior in terms of grain yield, thousand-kernel weight, and grain filling rate. The results also showed that Line 36 was the earliest-maturing line across the two years with about 151 and 145 days in the first and second year, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between grain yield and thousand- kernel weight and grain filling rate. Cluster analysis identified different functional groups (three groups), in which early-maturing lines with shorter plant height exhibited higher grain yield. Finally, comparison of the cluster analyses across the two years showed a high degree of similarity between the two dendrograms, indicating that genotypes were grouped almost identically in both years.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Lines 8 and 14 had significantly higher thousand-kernel weight and grain yield than other genotypes in both years of the experiment. These findings could play an effective role in breeding programs to improve wheat production and reduce dependence on wheat imports in Iraq.

Keywords

References

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