Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Department of Plant Production and Genetic , Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2
Cereal Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3
Soil and Water Research Department,, East Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Tabriz, Iran.
10.22034/plant.2026.144946.1181
Abstract
The study of wheat phenology is very important for understanding the plant's response to environmental changes. Studies show that the displacement of phenological steps, such as changing the time of emergence and maturity, has significant implications for grain yield. To investigate the effects of biochar, tillage system and the rotation of wheat phenological stages, the study was conducted as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during three cropping seasons 2020-2021, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 in which tillage was used as the main plot at three levels (no-tillage, minimum tillage and conventional tillage), crop rotation as sub-plot at three levels (wheat-wheat-wheat, wheat-fallow wheat, wheat-grass grass-wheat) in sub-plots and biochar as sub-sub-plots at three levels (0, 5 and 10 tons per hectare). In the third year, the. analysis of variance of wheat phenological stages showed that the interaction effect of tillage × rotation × biochar was significant for all phenological stages (P<0.05). Accordingly, the reduction of tillage, biochar consumption and the implementation of wheat-grass-wheat rotation caused a longer emergence period and the emergence of seedlings, tillering, stem germination, booting, spike, pollination, grain filling and maturity. Although wheat-grassroot-wheat rotation, biochar application and no-tillage increased the growth period up to 53 days, higher yields were obtained from low tillage management. Grain yield increased by 34% with low tillage and wheat-pea-wheat rotation and consumption of 10 tons of biochar per hectare compared to grain yield in sequential wheat cultivation with conventional tillage management.
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