تاثیر بستر بذر و نیتروژن بر ویژگی‌های عملکردی ارقام جو دیم در اقلیم دره شهر استان ایلام

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

2 سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران

10.22034/plant.2025.144142.1168

چکیده

مقدمه: جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) به‌عنوان چهارمین غله مهم جهان و محصولی استراتژیک، نقش مهمی در امنیت غذایی و صنعت خوراک دام دارد. به دلیل سازگاری اکولوژیکی بالا، جو دیم گزینه‌ای مناسب برای مناطق کم‌بارش مانند استان ایلام است. با این حال، عملکرد آن به‌شدت تحت تأثیر مدیریت نامناسب کود نیتروژن و رقابت علف‌های هرز قرار دارد. مصرف بیش‌ازحد کود نیتروژنه ضمن کاهش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و افزایش هزینه‌ها، پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی نامطلوبی ایجاد می‌کند، در حالی که علف‌های هرز می‌توانند تا ۶۰ درصد عملکرد را کاهش دهند. در این راستا، به‌کارگیری روش‌های نوین مانند تکنیک بستر کاشت رهاشده (Stale Seedbed) می‌تواند با کاهش بانک بذر علف‌های هرز و بهبود شرایط خاک، راهکاری پایدار برای افزایش بهره‌وری باشد.این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثر تلفیقی بستر کاشت (معمولی و رهاشده)، سطوح مختلف کود نیتروژن و ارقام جو دیم بر صفات کمی و کیفی در شرایط اقلیمی دره‌شهر انجام شد. شناسایی سطح بهینه نیتروژن، ارزیابی عملکرد ارقام نادر، خرم و ماهور و تعیین کارایی بستر رهاشده نسبت به روش معمولی از اهداف کاربردی تحقیق برای ارائه بسته توصیه‌ای پایدار به کشاورزان منطقه بود.
مواد و روش‌ها: آزمایش در سال زراعی ۱۴۰۲–۱۴۰۱ در روستای اَرَمه شهرستان دره‌شهر (۳۳°۱۱´ شمالی، ۴۷°۴۸´ شرقی، ارتفاع ۶۳۰ متر و بارندگی سالانه 6/392 میلی‌متر) اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت کرت­های دوبار خرد شده (اسپلیت-اسپلیت پلات) در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. بستر کاشت در دو سطح (معمولی و رهاشده)، ارقام جو دیم (نادر، خرم و ماهور) و سطوح نیتروژن (۰، ۵۰، ۷۵ و ۱۰۰ کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع اوره) به‌ترتیب به‌عنوان عوامل اصلی، فرعی و فرعی‌فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. کود نیتروژن در دو مرحله کاشت و پنجه‌زنی مصرف شد. صفاتی شامل عملکرد دانه و بیولوژیک، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در سنبله و درصد پروتئین دانه (روش کجلدال) اندازه‌گیری و داده‌ها با نرم‌افزار SAS و آزمون LSD تجزیه و تحلیل شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که اثرات اصلی بستر کاشت، رقم و نیتروژن بر عملکرد دانه معنی‌دار بودند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (۲۱۶۹ کیلوگرم در هکتار) از تلفیق بستر کاشت رهاشده و مصرف ۷۵ کیلوگرم نیتروژن حاصل شد که بیانگر نقش مؤثر این روش در کاهش رقابت علف‌های هرز و بهبود جذب عناصر غذایی است. در میان ارقام، رقم ماهور با میانگین عملکرد ۱۹۸۴ کیلوگرم در هکتار برترین رقم از نظر عملکرد کمی بود. بیشترین درصد پروتئین دانه (43/8 درصد) در رقم نادر و در سطح ۷۵ کیلوگرم نیتروژن به دست آمد که نشان‌دهنده توان ژنتیکی بالای این رقم در جذب و تخصیص نیتروژن است. این نتایج اهمیت انتخاب رقم متناسب با هدف تولید را برجسته می‌کند.
نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که تلفیق بستر کاشت رهاشده، مصرف بهینه نیتروژن (۷۵ کیلوگرم در هکتار) و انتخاب رقم مناسب، راهبردی کارآمد و پایدار برای جو دیم منطقه است. این رویکرد با کاهش رقابت علف‌های هرز، افزایش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و بهبود هم‌زمان عملکرد و کیفیت محصول همراه است. برای دستیابی به حداکثر عملکرد کمی، ترکیب بستر رهاشده، ۷۵ کیلوگرم نیتروژن و رقم ماهور توصیه می‌شود، در حالی که برای بهبود کیفیت پروتئین دانه، رقم نادر در همین سطح کوددهی مناسب‌تر است. اجرای این نتایج ضمن افزایش سودآوری اقتصادی، با کاهش مصرف نهاده‌های شیمیایی، گامی مؤثر در جهت کشاورزی پایدار و حفاظت از منابع محیط‌زیست محسوب می‌شود و می‌تواند به‌عنوان نقشه راه عملی برای بهبود سیستم‌های تولید جو دیم در دره‌شهر و مناطق مشابه اقلیمی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The effect of seedbed preparation and nitrogen on yield traits of dryland barley cultivars in the climate of Darehshahr, Ilam Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Manoocher Jaaferi 1
  • ehsan Zeidali 1
  • ali hatami 1
  • behrooz mir 2
1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
2 Agricultural Jihad Organization of Lorestan Province, Khorramabad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the world’s fourth most important cereal crop and a strategic agricultural commodity, plays a key role in food security and the livestock feed industry. Owing to its high ecological adaptability, dryland barley is well suited to semi-arid and low-rainfall regions such as Ilam Province. However, its yield potential is severely constrained by inefficient nitrogen fertilizer management and intense weed competition. Excessive nitrogen use reduces nitrogen use efficiency, increases production costs, and causes environmental problems through leaching and greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, weed interference can reduce barley yield by up to 60%, threatening production sustainability. In this context, innovative practices such as the stale seedbed technique provide a sustainable option by reducing the weed seed bank and improving soil conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of seedbed management (conventional versus stale), nitrogen fertilizer rates, and dryland barley cultivars on quantitative and qualitative traits under the climatic conditions of Dareh Shahr. The specific objectives were to identify the optimum nitrogen rate, compare the performance of the cultivars Nader, Khorram, and Mahour, and assess the efficiency of the stale seedbed technique relative to conventional practice in order to develop practical recommendations for local farmers.
Materials and Methods: The field experiment was conducted during 2022–2023 growing season in Arame village, Dareh Shahr County (33°11′ N, 47°48′ E; 630 m above sea level; mean annual precipitation 392.6 mm). A split–split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Seedbed management (conventional and stale), barley cultivars (Nader, Khorram, and Mahour), and nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha⁻¹ from urea) were assigned to main plots, subplots, and sub-subplots, respectively. Nitrogen was applied at sowing and tillering. Grain yield, biological yield, thousand-grain weight, grains per spike, and grain protein content (Kjeldahl method) were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS software, and mean comparisons were performed using the LSD test.
Results: The results showed that significant effects of seedbed management, cultivar, and nitrogen rate on grain yield. The highest grain yield (2169 kg ha⁻¹) was obtained from the stale seedbed combined with 75 kg N ha⁻¹, indicating reduced weed competition and improved nutrient availability. Among cultivars, Mahour produced the highest mean grain yield (1984 kg ha⁻¹), reflecting better environmental adaptation. In contrast, the highest grain protein content (8.43%) was recorded in cultivar Nader at 75 kg N ha⁻¹, demonstrating its strong genetic capacity for nitrogen uptake and allocation to grain. These results highlight the importance of aligning cultivar choice with production goals.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that integrating the stale seedbed technique with optimized nitrogen fertilization (75 kg ha⁻¹) and appropriate cultivar selection is an efficient and sustainable strategy for dryland barley production. This approach reduces weed competition, improves nitrogen use efficiency, and enhances both yield and grain quality. For maximizing grain yield, the combination of a stale seedbed, 75 kg N ha⁻¹, and the Mahour cultivar is recommended, whereas Nader cultivar is more suitable when grain protein quality is prioritized. Adoption of these practices can improve economic returns while reducing reliance on chemical inputs, thereby supporting sustainable dryland barley production in Dareh Shahr and similar environments.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cultivar
  • Nutrition
  • Protein
  • Barley
  • Stale seedbed

مراجع

Abdelghany, A. M., Elakhdar, A., El-Naggar, A. A., & El-Wakeell, S. (2024). Dissecting the resilience of barley genotypes under multiple stress conditions. BMC Plant Biology, 24(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04704-y
Adams, B., Evans, D., & Green, F. (2023). The impact of cropping history on soil nitrogen dynamics. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 87(3), 456-469. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2022.0156
Ahmad, K., Iqbal, Z., Sumaira, K., & Asma, Y. (2016). Contamination of Soil and Carrots Irrigated with Different Sources of Water in Punjab, Pakistan. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5), 1-5.
Al-Menaie, H., Al-Ragam, O., Al-Shatti, A., Al-Hadidi, M. A., & Babu, M. A. (2024). Optimizing Nitrogen Fertilization for Barley Crop at Full and Deficit Irrigation in the Arid Region. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 58(3), 517-524. https://doi.org/10.18805/IJARe.AF-823
Anderson, C., Baker, E., & Carter, G. (2023). Nitrogen availability and crop performance relationships in cereal production systems. Crop Science, 63(2), 789-802. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20987
Barati, M., Amiri, R., Ebrahimi, M., Reza Naghavi, M., & Nikkhah, H. R. (2014). Investigation of genetic diversity and determination of relationships between agronomic traits with yield in recombinant barley lines. Journal of Applied Crop Research, 27(102), 61–70. https://doi.org/10.22092/aj.2014.100930
Batish, D. R., Lavanya, K., Singh, H. P., & Kohli, R. K. (2007). Root-mediated allelopathic interference of nettle-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale) on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 193, 37-44.
Bonnett, O. T. (2020). Developmental stages in barley. Crop Science, 60(1), 123-134.
Brown, H., & Davis, K. (2020). Soil structure and nitrate leaching in conservation agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 298, 106967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106967
Cai, X., & Gu, M. (2016). Bioherbicides in organic horticulture. Horticulture, 2(2), 2-10.
Chen, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, L. (2020). Photosynthetic efficiency and grain weight relationships in wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(3), 1025-1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz469
Clark, R., Lewis, M., & Hill, S. (2021). Soil texture effects on nutrient retention and plant growth. Geoderma, 384, 114801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114801
 
 
Clancy, J. A., O'Donovan, J. T., Edney, M. J., & Turkington, T. K. (1991). Nitrogen effects on yield and malting quality of barley. Agronomy Journal, 83(2), 274-281. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300020016x
Dilipkumar, M., Chuah, T. S., Goh, S. S., & Sahid, I. (2022). Weed management in false seedbed technique: A review. Crop Protection, 152, 105843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105843
Dordas, C. (2012). Variation in dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in barley genotypes. European Journal of Agronomy, 37(1), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.10.002
Doust, A. N. (2020). Vegetative growth in cereals. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 71, 301-327.
FAO. (2023). World food and agriculture - statistical yearbook 2023. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fukami, J., Cerezini, P., & Hungria, M. (2018). Azospirillum: benefits that go far beyond biological nitrogen fixation. AMB Express, 8(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-018-0608-1
Gao, Y., Tian, X., Li, S., Wang, J., Zhang, H., & Chen, L. (2019). Photosynthetic efficiency under nitrogen supplementation. Journal of Plant Physiology, 234-235, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2019.01.012
Hamidy, A. (2016). Nitrogen management in barley production: A review. Journal of Agronomy, 15(2), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.xxxx/jag.2016.15.2.45
Harris, J., Young, T., & King, P. (2023). Reproductive development in barley under varying nitrogen regimes. Journal of Experimental Botany, 74(5), 1567-1580. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad012
Heap, I. (2023). The international survey of herbicide resistant weeds. Retrieved from www.weedscience.org
Hussain, S., Zhang, J., Zhong, C., Zhu, L., Cao, X., Yu, S., Allen Bohr, J., Jin, Q., & Zhang, H. (2021). Nitrogen management and regulation for optimum NUE in cereals—A review. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 44(5), 674–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1862197
Hussain, S., et al. (2024). Genetic variation in nitrogen use efficiency and grain protein content in barley cultivars. Journal of Cereal Science, 108, 103567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2024.103567
Jafarbeygi, S., Zeidali, E., Moradi, R., & Alizadeh, Y. (2018). The effect of seedbed management and seeding rate on weed control, growth, and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 16(4), 797-806. (In persian) https://sid.ir/paper/390357/en
Jeon, M. (2018). Interactive effects of genotype and seedbed preparation on barley growth. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 204(3), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.xxxx
Johnson, L., Moore, R., & Scott, T. (2023). Microbial-mediated nitrogen mineralization in agricultural soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 182, 104687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104687
Junker, A., Muñoz, K., Weigelt, A., & Ebeling, A. (2023). Plant diversity effects on crop yield, pathogen incidence, and soil quality in a grassland‐crop rotation experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology, 60(1), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14312
Kanatas, P., Travlos, I., Papastylianou, P., Gazoulis, I., Kakabouki, I., & Tsekoura, A. (2020). Yield, quality and weed control in soybean crop as affected by several cultural and weed management practices. Agronomy, 10(6), 791. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060791
Kebrom, T. H., Spielmeyer, W., & Finnegan, E. J. (2020). Genetic control of tillering in cereals. Journal of Experimental Botany, 71(3), 1025–1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz529
Kuczyńska, A., Surma, M., Adamski, T., & Kaczmarek, Z. (2013). Effects of the semi-dwarfing sdw1/denso gene in barley. Journal of Applied Genetics, 54(4), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-013-0163-8
Ladha, J. K., Jat, M. L., Stirling, C. M., Chakraborty, D., Pradhan, P., Krupnik, T. J., & Pathak, H. (2023). Achieving the sustainable development goals in agriculture: The crucial role of nitrogen in cereal-based systems. Advances in Agronomy, 178, 1-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2022.11.001
Lee, J., Kim, S., Park, H., Choi, Y., & Kang, B. (2024). Timing of nitrogen application affects grain protein quality in barley. Field Crops Research, 306, 109234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2024.109234
Li, H., Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Nitrogen-induced changes in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic performance in cereal crops. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 634448. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.634448
Li, X., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, W. (2021). Organic matter decomposition and nutrient release in fallow systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 158, 108266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108266
Liu, J., Yang, J., & Wei, S. (2023). Synergistic effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on grain quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 345, 108321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108321
Lynch, J. M., & Barbano, D. M. (1999). Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis as a reference method for protein determination in dairy products. Journal of AOAC International, 82(6), 1389-1398. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1389
Martínez-Dalmau, J., Berbel, J., & Ordóñez-Fernández, R. (2021). Nitrogen fertilization in barley: Impacts on yield and environment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 308, 107256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.107256
Martin, P., Allen, S., & Cook, N. (2022). Climate effects on nitrogen cycling in agroecosystems. Global Change Biology, 28(4), 1329-1344. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15987
McSteen, P. (2020). Hormonal regulation of plant architecture. Plant Physiology, 182(1), 9-22.
Miller, D., & White, E. (2022). Chlorophyll production and photosynthetic efficiency in cereals. Photosynthesis Research, 151(2), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-021-00874-8
Mirsky, S. B., Gallandt, E. R., Mortensen, D. A., Curran, W. S., & Shumway, D. L. (2010). Reducing the germinable weed seedbank with soil disturbance and cover crops. Weed Research, 50(4), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00792.x
Naderi, R., Razavi, S., & Mousavi, S. (2014). Weed management in sustainable agricultural systems. Jihad Daneshgahi Publications. (Original work published in 1393) (In persian)
Naeem, M., Ahmad, A., Ahmad, A., Ullah, A., & Ahmad, B. (2022). Barley-based cropping systems and weed control. Agronomy, 12(4), 487. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040487
Porker, K., Straight, M., & Hunt, J. R. (2020). Evaluation of G × E × M interactions to increase harvest index and yield of early sown wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00994
Pour-Aboughadareh, A., Yousefian, M., Moradkhani, H., Poczai, P., & Siddiqui, M. H. (2023). Identification of high-yielding genotypes of barley in the arid climate of Iran. Plants, 12(9), 1765. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091765
Preiti, G., Calvi, A., & Badagliacca, G. (2021). False seedbed technique for weed management in organic farming. Agronomy, 11(3), 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030502
Puglia, D., Pepe, A., & Santulli, C. (2020). Global barley production: Trends and challenges. Cereal Research Communications, 48(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-020-00022-3
Roberts, K., Hall, M., & Parker, J. (2023). Water use efficiency in barley under different management practices. Agricultural Water Management, 276, 108075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.108075
Smith, A., et al. (2024). Nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis in cereal crops. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 196, 1085-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.02.015
Smith, A., Johnson, C., & Williams, E. (2024). Nitrogen dynamics in conservation agriculture systems. Agronomy Journal, 116(2), 345-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agj.2023.12.005
Smith, S. E., & Read, D. J. (2022). Mycorrhizal symbiosis (4th ed.). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-370526-6.X5001-6
Taylor, S., Wilson, B., & Anderson, D. (2022). Biological nitrogen fixation in cereal cropping systems. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 912345.
Vega, A., Canessa, P., & Krouk, G. (2023). Nitrate signaling, functions, and regulation of root system architecture: Insights from Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes, 14(1), 195. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010195
Wang, B., Li, Y., & Zhang, W. (2022). Nitrogen management strategies for improving grain weight in cereals. Field Crops Research, 276, 108376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108376
Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Chen, L., & Li, H. (2021). Resource allocation in cereal crops. Field Crops Research, 260, 107982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.107982
Wang, Y., Li, S., Zhao, M., Kumar, A., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Synergistic effects of integrated crop management on barley grain quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 359, 108765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.108765
Yadav, S. K., Singh, A. K., & Kumar, P. (2020). Barley adaptation to abiotic stresses: Mechanisms and strategies. Plant Physiology Reports, 25(3), 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-020-00520-w
Zarghani, M., Mohammadi, H., & Fallahi, E. (2012). Nitrogen nutrition in cereals. University of Tehran Press. (Original work published in 1391) (In persian).
Zargoushifar, R., Zeidali, E., & Alizadeh, Y. (2023). The effect of false seedbed and organic fertilizer application on yield, yield components, and weed biomass in rainfed chickpea. Plant Production and Genetics, 4(1), 43-58. (In persian). https://doi.org/10.34785/J020.2022.015
Zhang, Q., Chen, H., & Xu, C. (2023). Protein accumulation dynamics during grain filling in wheat. Crop Journal, 11(1), 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2022.05.003
Zhang, X., Davidson, E. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Searchinger, T. D., Dumas, P., & Shen, Y. (2020). Managing nitrogen for sustainable development. Nature, 528(7580), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15743
Zimdahl, R. L. (2023). Fundamentals of weed science (6th ed.). Academic Press

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار