بهینه‌سازی تاریخ کاشت و تراکم در گیاه قدومه شیرازی (Alyssum homolocarpum): تأثیرات بر عملکرد دانه، درصد روغن و ترکیب اسیدهای چرب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه ژنتیک و تولید گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران

2 شرکت کشت و صنعت نیشکر امیرکبیر، اهواز، ایران

10.22034/plant.2026.145089.1186

چکیده

مقدمه: قدومه شیرازی (Alyssum homolocarpum) گیاهی دارویی، یکساله و متعلق به خانواده براسیکاسه (Brassicaceae) است. از آنجایی که تمایل به استفاده از گیاهان دارویی و یا فرآورده‌های آن روز به روز بیشتر می‌شود، علاقه به تولید گیاهان دارویی نیز در دنیا و ایران افزایش یافته است که از مهمترین دلایل این افزایش تولید، توجه به این واقعیت است که گیاهان دارویی و فرآورده‌های آن، عوارض جانبی کمتری در درمان دارند. رشد و عملکرد گیاهان دارویی نیز مانند سایر گیاهان تحت تاثیر تاریخ کاشت و تراکم بوته قرار می‌گیرد و برای بدست آوردن بیشترین عملکرد باید کشت در تاریخ کاشت مناسب و با تراکم مناسب انجام گیرید. بنابراین، این آزمایش به‌منظور بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت و تراکم بوته بر عملکرد دانه، درصد روغن و ترکیب اسیدهای چرب در قدومه شیرازی انجام شد.
مواد و روش‎‌ها: آزمایش به‌صورت طرح اسپیلت پلات در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار طی دو فصل زراعی (1399-1398و 1398-1397) در دانشگاه ولی‌عصر (عج) رفسنجان انجام شد. تاریخ‌های کاشت از 15 شهریور تا 15 بهمن متغیر بود و تراکم‌ها بر روی ۳۰، ۵۰ و ۷۰ گیاه در هر مترمربع تنظیم شد. تاریخ‌های مختلف کاشت به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و تراکم کشت نیز به‌عنوان عامل فرعی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. در این تحقیق ارتفاع بوته، عملکر دانه و اجزای آن، درصد روغن، ترکیبات اسیدهای چرب و عملکر موسیلاژ اندازه‌گیری شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SAS انجام شد. نتایج آزمایش به روش تجزیه مرکب و با استفاده از رویه PROC MIXED مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
نتایج نشان داد که درجه روز رشد از کاشت تا جوانه­زنی، از کاشت تا ساقه‌دهی، کاشت تا گلدهی و کاشت تا رسیدگی دانه در تاریخ کاشت 15بهمن بیشتر بود. تعداد شاخه در بوته، تعداد خوشه‌ در بوته، وزن صد دانه و درصد روغن تنها تحت تاثیر تاریخ کاشت قرار گرفتند و کاشت زود هنگام (15 شهریور و 15 مهر) منجر به بهبود این ویژگی­ها شد. به‌‌‌طوری که در تاریخ کاشت 15 مهر بیشترین تعداد شاخه در بوته و تعداد خوشه‌ در بوته مشاهده شد. وزن صد دانه و درصد روغن در تاریخ کاشت 15 شهریور بیشتر از سایر تاریخ های کاشت بود و در تاریخ 15 آذر کمترین مقادیر این صفات مشاهده شد. وزن صد دانه و درصد روغن در تاریخ کاشت 15 شهریور به‌ترتیب افزایش 85/30 درصدی و 22/55 درصدی داشتند. تاریخ کاشت و تراکم بوته اثر معنی‌داری بر ارتفاع گیاه قدومه داشتند و با تأخیر در کاشت و افزایش تراکم ارتفاع گیاه کاهش یافت. تعداد دانه در بوته، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد موسیلاژ در تاریخ 15 شهریور با تراکم 50 بوته در متر‌مربع بیشترین مقدار را داشتند. ترکیب اسیدهای چرب نیز به‌‌‌طور معنی­داری تحت تاثیر تاریخ­های کاشت مختلف بودند. اسید لینولنیک در تاریخ 15 شهریور بالاترین میزان را داشت، در حالی‌که اسید لینولئیک در تاریخ 15 آبان به اوج خود رسید. سطح اسید استئاریک در تاریخ 15 مهر بالاترین بود و اسید میریستیک تا تاریخ 15 آذر کاهش قابل توجهی داشت.
نتیجه ­گیری: براساس نتایج این آزمایش تاریخ کشت 15 شهریور تا 15 مهر و تراکم 50 بوته در مترمربع برای کشت قدومه شیرازی مناسب می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Optimizing planting date and density in Alyssum homolocarpum: Effects on seed yield, oil percentage, and fatty acid composition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Zaferanieh 1
  • Batool Mahdavi 1
  • Farnaz Alasvandyari 2
1 Department of Genetics and Plant Production, Agriculture College, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
2 Amir Kabir Sugarcane Agro-Industry, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Alyssum homolocarpum (Qodumeh Shirazi) is a medicinal annual plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Given the increasing tendency to use medicinal plants and their derivatives, interest in the production of such plants has grown both globally and in Iran. One of the primary reasons for this rise in production is the recognition that medicinal plants and their products have fewer side effects in treatment. Like other plants, the growth and yield of medicinal plants are influenced by planting date and plant density. To achieve maximum yield, cultivation must be carried out at an appropriate planting date and optimal plant density. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of planting date and plant density on seed yield, oil percentage, and fatty acid composition in Alyssum homolocarpum.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications over two growing seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan. Planting dates ranged from September 6 to February 6, and plant densities were set at 30, 50, and 70 plants per square meter. Different planting dates were considered the main plot factor, and plant density was the subplot factor. In this study, plant height, seed yield and yield components, oil percentage, fatty acid composition, and mucilage yield were measured. Data analysis was performed using SAS software. Experimental results were analyzed using combined analysis via the PROC MIXED procedure.
Results: The results showed that the growing degree days from planting to germination, planting to stem elongation, planting to flowering, and planting to seed maturity were higher for the February 6 planting date. The number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, 100-seed weight, and oil percentage were only affected by planting date, with early planting (September 6 and October 6) improving these traits. Specifically, the highest number of branches per plant and clusters per plant were observed on the October 6 planting date. The 100-seed weight and oil percentage were highest on the September 6 planting date compared with other planting dates, while the lowest values for these traits were observed on December 6. Compared to other dates, the September 6 planting date increased 100-seed weight and oil percentage by 30.85% and 55.22%, respectively. Planting date and plant density had a significant effect on the plant height of Alyssum homolocarpum, with delays in planting and increases in density leading to reduced plant height. The number of seeds per plant, seed yield, and mucilage yield were highest on the September 6 planting date with a density of 50 plants per square meter. Fatty acid composition was also significantly influenced by different planting dates. Linolenic acid was highest on September 6, while linoleic acid peaked on November 6. Stearic acid levels were highest on October 6, and myristic acid showed a notable decrease until December 6.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this experiment, planting dates from September 6 to October 6 and a plant density of 50 plants per square meter are suitable for cultivating Alyssum homolocarpum.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Alyssum homolocarpum
  • Fatty acids
  • Mucilage yield
  • Planting date

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تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی
دوره 7، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 11
اردیبهشت 1405
صفحه 147-162

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