ارزیابی مورفولوژیک ارقام پیاز(Allium cepa L.) روز بلند به‌منظور شناسایی و تجاری‌سازی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

مؤسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج ، ایران

10.22034/plant.2026.145369.1193

چکیده

مقدمه: پیاز با نام علمی (Allium cepa L.) گیاهی (16=x2=n2) و سوخ‌دار از خانواده Alliaceae و راسته Asparagales است، این محصول پس از گوجه‌‌فرنگی، دومین محصول پردرآمد سبزی و صیفی در جهان است. درک دقیقی از تنوع فنوتیپی برای بهبود کارایی به‌نژادی و انتخاب صفت مورد نیاز است. آزمایش تمایز، یکنواختی و پایداری (تیپ) پیش از رهاسازی رقم برای نگهداری از حق مالکیت فکری ارقام جدید ضروری است. ارزیابی دقیق مورفولوژیک برای شناسایی صفات متمایز هر رقم نیاز است.
مواد و روش‎‌ها: این آزمایش در بهار و تابستان 1402 و 1403 در موسسه تحقیقات ثبت و گواهی بذر و نهال (SPCRI)، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی (AREEO) در کرج، ایران، در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با دو تکرار انجام شد. این پژوهش صفات مورفولوژیک آزمون تیپ 12 رقم دورگ (هیبرید) پیاز روز بلند را بررسی دقیقی می‌کند و از صفات قابل اندازه‌گیری (کمی) و مشاهده‌ای (کیفی) برای شناسایی و ثبت/ تجاری‌سازی تفاوت‌های زیستی استفاده می‌کند. از فهرست تغییر یافته صفات UPOV (اتحادیه بین‌المللی حفاظت از ارقام جدید گیاهی) برای ارزیابی 32 صفت از اندام‌های مختلف مانند گیاه، شاخساره، برگ، شبه‌ساقه و سوخ استفاده شد. آزمون تیپ برای شناسایی، ساماندهی و نگهداری از ارقام تجاری دارای صفات برتر خاص توسعه یافته است. تحلیل همبستگی رتبه‌ای اسپیرمن برای تعیین همبستگی بین صفات مختلف آزمون تیپ انجام شد. تجزیه و تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی (PCA) بر روی 26 صفت آزمایشی چندشکل برای تعیین صفات اصلی آنها انجام شد. داده‌های فنوتیپی برای محاسبه ماتریس فاصله اقلیدسی استاندارد و رسم دندروگرام با استفاده از تارنمای SR Plot انجام شد.
نتایج: تجزیه و تحلیل مولفه‌های اصلی (PCA) و خوشه‌بندی، تفاوت ژنتیکی قابل توجهی را بین این ارقام پیاز روز بلند نشان داد. مقادیر ویژه مرتبط با اجزای اصلی، ارتباط آنها را با هر یک از صفات نشان می‌دهد. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل مولفه‌های اصلی (PCA) نشان داد که هفت مولفه اصلی اول که مقادیر ویژه بزرگتر از یک داشتند، در مجموع بیش از 64/90 درصد از کل تنوع مشاهده شده در 12 رقم برای صفات آزمون تیپ را تشکیل می‌دهند. دو مولفه اول 30/51 درصد تنوع را تشکیل دادند. مولفه اول، 96/30 درصد و مولفه دوم، 40/20 درصد از تنوع را تشکیل دادند. بر اساس تحلیل همبستگی رتبه اسپیرمن، بیشترین همبستگی مثبت ما بین رنگ اصلی پوست خشک سوخ و تمایل رنگی پوست خشک سوخ (97/0r=) و بیشترین همبستگی منفی ما بین قطر سوخ و نسبت ارتفاع به قطر سوخ) 76/0-(r= وجود داشت. خوشه‌بندی با روش Ward بر اساس فواصل اقلیدسی معمول در صفت‌های مورفولوژیکی چندشکل، ارقام را در چهار خوشه اصلی گروه‌بندی کرد که نشان‌دهنده میزان بالای تنوع موجود در بین ارقام است. این تجزیه و تحلیل سه خوشه چند ژنوتیپی و یک خوشه تک ژنوتیپی از ارقام ایجاد کرد. در خوشه اول، دو رقم (Hitit و Kilgarsalan)، در خوشه دوم، یک رقم (White Valencia) و در خوشه سوم چهار رقم (Belmar، Calista، Tucanon و PX07713119) قرار گرفت. ارقام RedAmposta، MT120، Dolaney، Redmoon و Surin در خوشه چهارم گروه‌بندی شدند.
نتیجه‌‎گیری: بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، ارقام متنوع ژنتیکی شناسایی شده و اساس بنیادین برای گزینش و به‌نژادی اصلاح هدفمند ایجاد شد. این یافته‌ها دیدگاه‌های کلیدی را برای گزینش ژنوتیپ‌های دارای عملکرد بالا و مناسب برای کشت و اهمیت ارزیابی دقیق فنوتیپی در شناسایی ظرفیت‌ ژنتیکی ارقام پیاز روز بلند و طراحی برنامه‌های به‌نژادی گیاهی برای تحقق هدف کشاورزی پایدار و امنیت غذایی را برجسته می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Morphological evaluation of long-day onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars for identification and commercialization

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeed Amini
  • Mohammad Reza Jazayeri-Noushabadi
  • Leila Yari
Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Onion (Allium cepa L.) with chromosome number (2n=2x=16) is a bulbous crop, belongs to Alliaceae family and order Asparagales. It is the second most lucrative vegetable crop globally, after tomato. A detailed understanding of phenotypic variation is required to improve breeding efficiency and trait selection. Testing for distinctivness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) is required prior to the release for protection of novel cultivars' intellectual property rights. Furthermore, detailed morphological assessment is required to discover the distinguishing characteristics of each cultivar.
Materials and Methods: Experiment was conducted in the spring and summer (2023/2024) at the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute (SPCRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) in Karaj, Iran, using a complete randomized block design with two replications. This study conducts a detailed examination of the DUS morphological features of twelve onion hybrid cultivars, using quantitative and visual characteristics to identify and commercialization/registeration biological differences. A modified UPOV (The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) descriptive term list was used to explore thirty-twoss features of diverse organs such as plant, foliage, leaf, pseudostem, and bulb qualities. The DUS test was developed to identify, organize, and protect commercial cultivars having specific superior traits. The Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlations between various DUS traits. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on 26 polymorphic test traits to determine their primary traits. The phenotypic data were further used for calculating standardized Euclidean distance matrix and constructing dendrogram using SR Plot website.
Results: PCA and clustering revealed considerable genetic difference among long-day onion cultivars. The eigenvalues associated with the main components reflect their relevance to specific traits. The PCA results showed that the first seven main components, which had eigenvalues greater than one, collectively accounted more than 90.64% of the overall variability observed in 12 cultivars for DUS characteristics. The first two components accounted for 51.30% variability. PC1 accounted for 30.96% variability, and PC2 for 20.40%. Correlation analysis revealed the highest positive correlation between color of the bulb base dry skin and hue of color of dry skin on the bulb (r=0.97), and the highest negative correlation between bulb diameter and height/diameter of the bulb (r=-0.76).
Ward clustering based on usual Euclidean distances for the polymorphic morphological markers grouped the cultivars into four major clusters, indicating the high diversity level present among the cultivars. This analysis revealed three multi- and one mono-genotypic clusters of the cultivars. Cluster I had two cultivars (Hitit and Kilgarsalan). Cluster II had one cultivar (White Valencia) and cluster III had four cultivars (Belmar, Calista, Tucanon and PX07713119). Cultivars like Red Amposta, MT120, Dolaney, Redmoon and Surin were grouped in cluster IV
Conclusion: The study identified genetically diverse cultivars, establishing a solid foundation for targeted selection and breeding. The findings offer critical insights for selecting high-performing genotypes appropriate for cultivation and emphasizes the significance of thorough phenotyping in revealing the genetic capabilities of long-day onions and designing crop improvement programs for sustainable agriculture and food security.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cluster analysis
  • Long-day Onion cultivars
  • Morphological evaluation
  • Principal Component Analysis
  • Spearman rank correlation

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تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی
دوره 7، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 11
اردیبهشت 1405
صفحه 109-128

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