تأثیر مدیریت زراعی با استفاده از تناوب و سیستم کوددهی تلفیقی بر عملکرد دانه و ویژگی های بیولوژیک خاک در زراعت آفتابگردان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار،گروه کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام ‌نور، تهران، ایران

چکیده

این آزمایش در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس در سال های زراعی 1388و 1389به مدت دو سال اجرا گردید. گیاهان کاشته شده  در تناوب زراعی شامل خلر (Lathyrus sativus L.) به عنوان کود سبز و آفتابگردان به عنوان گیاه زراعی اصلی و گیاه کلزای علوفه‌ای در فصل پاییز بود. طرح آزمایشی به صورت طرح کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بود که در آن عامل اصلی عبارت بود از سیستم کشت تناوبی در 2 سطح با و بدون کود سبز شامل 1- کود سبز- آفتابگردان -کودسبز- آفتابگردان GM)) و 2- آیش- آفتابگردان -آیش-آفتابگردان (Fa) و عامل فرعی عبارت بود از 5 نوع سیستم تغذیه‌ای شامل 1- کود آلی زئوپونیکس ( (Z1002- کود تلفیقی (75% آلی زئوپونیکس + 25% کود شیمیایی (اوره بر اساس آزمایش خاک) (Z75F25)، 3- کود تلفیقی (50% آلی زئوپونیکس + 50% کود شیمیایی) (Z50F50)، 4- کود تلفیقی (%25 آلی زئوپونیکس + 75% کود شیمیایی) (Z25F75) و 5- کود شیمیایی اوره (F100).  نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد دانه در سیستم 100 درصد شیمیایی و 100 درصد زئوپونیکس حاصل گردید و سپس در سیستم 50 درصد شیمیایی + 50 درصد زئوپونیکس بدست آمد. سیستم های تغذیه تلفیقی در هر دو تناوب به طور کارآمدی سبب افزایش میزان ماده آلی خاک شدند تیمار آیش دارای مقدار بیشتری کربن بیوماس میکروبی و تنفس میکروبی نسبت به تیمار کودسبز در خاک بود. تجزیه مرکب داده های دو سال آزمایش برای نسبت کربن به نیتروژن نشان داد که تناوب تاثیر معنی‌داری بر این نسبت داشت و مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد که این نسبت در تیمار آیش بیشتر است. در میان سیستم‌های مختلف تغذیه تیمار 100% زئوپونیکس بیشترین میزان نسبت کربن به نیتروژن را نشان داد و کمترین میزان مربوط به تیمار 25% زئوپونیکس + 75% شیمیایی بود. به طور کلی با اجرای مدیریت تغذیه تلفیقی گیاه از طریق به کارگیری کودسبز، زئوپونیکس و شیمیایی به عنوان یک رهیافت بوم شناختی می‌توان به نظام‌های کشاورزی پایدار با هدف کاهش مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و افزایش بهره‌وری نهاده‌ها و پایداری تولید محصولات زراعی دست یافت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of crop management using rotation and integrated fertilization system on seed yield and soil biological characteristics in sunflower cultivation.

نویسنده [English]

  • Faezeh Daryaei
Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Technical Engineering, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

The experiment was carried out in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University in 2010 and 2009 for two years. The plants was sown in the crop rotation included vetchlings (Lathyrus sativus L.) as green manure and sunflower as the main crop and canola as fodder in the fall season. The experimental design was in the form of a split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications, in which the main factor was the rotation system on 2 levels with and without green manure, including 1- green manure-sunflower-green manure- sunflower (GM) and 2- fallow-sunflower-fallow-sunflower (Fa) and the sub-plots were 5 types of nutritional systems including 1- zooponics organic fertilizer (Z100), 2-integrated fertilizer (75% organic zooponics + 25% chemical fertilizer (urea based on soil test) (Z75F25), 3- integrated fertilizer (50% organic zooponics + 50% chemical fertilizer) (Z50F50), 4- integrated fertilizer (25% organic zooponics + 75% chemical fertilizer) (Z25F75) and 5- fertilizer Chemical urea (F100). The results showed that the highest seed yield was obtained in the 100% chemical and 100% zooponics, and then in the 50% chemical + 50% zooponics fertilizing systems. Integrated feeding systems in both rotations efficiently increased the amount of soil organic matter.The fallow treatments had a higher amount of soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial respiration than the green manure treatments. The combined analysis of the data of two years of the experiment for the ratio of C/N showed that rotation had a significant effect and the mean comparison of the treatments showed that this ratio was higher in the fallow. Among the different fertilizing systems, 100% zeoponics treatment showed the highest ratio of C/N, and the lowest amount was found in 25% zeoponics + 75% chemical fertilizer. In general, by implementing integrated plant nutrition management through the use of green manure, zooponics and chemical fertilizers as an ecological approach, it is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural systems with the aim of reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers and increasing the productivity of the soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rotation
  • zeoponix
  • integrated fertilizing system
  • green manure
  • soil biological properties

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